12/17/08

Acrylic display

Acrylic displays - Acrylic fabrication and plastic fabrication of items such as ballot boxes, brochure holders and more.Acrylic Display And Item:
Acrylic display and acrylic part, such as lip stick display, label, shelf and so on, they could be used in supermarket display, retail display, cosmetic display or any other commercial display. We could produce the quality acrylic part and whole set products based on your design or needs. Our main process is laser cutting, cnc milling, mechanical cutting, forming (heat bend), polishing and so on.. We are the main supplier of acrylic display of lipstick (such as l’oreal, maybelline) in china market as well, and use the good quality acrylic material for all products, which will not change to yellow on the color.

Acrylic Display Cases For Sports MemorabiliaHigh quality acrylic display cases to protect your sports memorabilia. Choose from auto racing or baseball acrylic display cases, basketball acrylic display cases or boxing acrylic display cases, football acrylic display cases, hockey acrylic display cases, and even miscellaneous acrylic display cases for golf and tennis memorabilia.

Acrylic Sheet

Acrylic Sheet

Known by trade names such as Plexiglas, Acrylite, and Lucite, this material is great for glazing, windows, cutting boards, or anywhere a clear material is needed. Better optical clarity than glass. Light weight. Good impact strength. Clear.

Acrylite Acrylic Sheet is a lightweight substitute for glass that has better optical quality and is more economical. It provides low distortion and will not yellow after prolonged exposure to sunlight. It also offers four times more impact resistance than glass.
Sheet Sizes:
48x96, 49 x 97, 51x100, 60x96, 72x96, 100x100, 100x125, 100x150
Available Colors:
Sheet: White (Opaque & Transparent), Ivory, Gray, Bronze, Black, Red (Opaque &Transparent), Coral, Rust, Orange, Brown, Yellow (Opaque & Transparent), Amber, Fluorescent Yellow, Green (Opaque & Transparent), Fluorescent Green, Blue (Opaque & Transparent), Turquoise, Violet, Lilac. Rod and Tube: Available in Clear only. Colors are available through special order only.

Thinckness: 1.5-30mm
Maximun Width: 2000mm
thickness:1mm-8mmwide range of sizes and colorsFeature: Excellent light transmition, UV protective, smooth and even surface, easy tooling and printing. Competitive price, timely delivery, quality guaranteed.

12/16/08

Fountain Pen Ink

Fountain Pen Ink
Fountain pen ink is a rather complex medium. A blend of solvents, pigments, dyes and water the characteristics of the ink you use will make quite a difference in your writing experience.

The Controlled Drip
Ink and your fountain pen, well it is really a controlled drip. Gravity and the capillary action of water is what it is all about. Slots allow ink to flow out and air to flow back. That's it. That is how the pen works. Edson Waterman is credited with inventing the the fountain pen with this simple mechanism.

Water and Dyes
Fountain pen ink is basically water with dyes and other chemicals required for proper function. Stay away from Indian or drafting inks unless you want to say good-bye to your favorite pen.
The chemicals creates the properties of of the ink. The appropriate surface tension -- viscosity, the colour saturation -- dyes. As well there are antibacterial additions are included so the ink does not grow new life in the bottle and muck up in inside of your pen!
A good part of the "ink experience" is often summarized as how it flows. It is a "wet ink" bsdrf on its degree of viscosity.
Water has a surface tension of about 73 dynes/cm and fountain pen inks have a surface tension that is lower. Typically between 38 and 45 dynes/cm. From what I have read, if the surface tension value is above 45, then the ink tends not to run through the capillary system of the feed and the pen skips. If the rating gets below 38 then the ink just runs and the flow of ink has less control.
A number of years ago, I had the opportunity to visit the Waterman pen factory in Nantes, France where they make all their inks. At Waterman, a basic ink is used for the base and then dyes are added to create specific colours. Waterman decides on the "blend" of chemicals so that the ink has an appropriate amount of surface tension, flow and drying time assessed as best for their pens. Each manufacturer has their formula. So they say. But some companies use common inks. They just change the bottle.

Are there permanent inks?
Yes there are. But not really because of the ink itself, but because of a chemical reaction of chemicals in the ink to cellulose - one of the properties of paper. These permanent inks use cellulose reactive dyes. As the ink companies say, the dyes are water soluble so there is no effect or damage to the pen. When the ink is in the bottle all is normal. But when the dyes react with cellulose in paper and after the ink dries the ink becomes waterproof and permanent.
I have purchased a number of the permanent inks by Noodler's Ink and tested how they lasted when held under water. Pretty good. Each had a slightly different amount of "run". Oh yes, there is cellulose in those cotton shirts so when you drop these permanent inks on your clothes, well its permanent!
Will inks stain your pen? Some will. Inks in the red, violet and pink colours are more likely to stain the container sectionof the pen. I have a pen that I used Pelikan Purple for many years. Yep, the plastic convertor does have a purple tone to it that is there for life. The blue tone inks are generally the least likely to stain, but then again, if you get some of the highly intense colours that general guide starts to fade.

Inks of Choice
In using many of the inks I find that I am reaching for some bottles more than others. These are the small number of inks that are my Inks of Choice.
But in the end, your ink experience is a combination of: the type of ink used, the nib of the pen (fine to broad nibs lay different amounts of ink on the paper) and the paper itself.

Mixing Your Own Colours
This is a big-time activity. Check our the ink section of Pentrace, a very good source of information on inks, and you will find the formulas for the perfect colour.
A word of caution. Mixing of inks sometime causes problems with a reaction between the various dyes etc. For an example, see the notes under Private Reserve ink. Although those colours are now gone, it helps to remind us on the possibilities of conequences of some inks. Good for them for posting the notice.
When mixing ink, wash the pen, including the converter, with room temperature water. Don't use household cleaners on your pen. A very diluted amononia and water solution has often referenced as an alternative.

Fresh Ink - Old Ink
Can you use old ink? Most will agree you can, provided the ink has not been subject to sunlight, and has been properly capped. Give the bottle a shake and try it. If in any doubt, always have a cheaper pen available for your more daring moments. I use inks that are many years old with no problem.

12/10/08

Constraints and trade-offs

All parts of a bearing are subject to many design constraints. For example, the inner and outer races are often complex shapes, making them difficult to manufacture. Balls and rollers, though simpler in shape, are small; since they bend sharply where they run on the races, the bearings are prone to fatigue. The loads within a bearing assembly are also affected by the speed of operation: rolling-element bearings may spin over 100,000 rpm, and the principal load in such a bearing may be momentum rather than the applied load. Smaller rolling elements are lighter and thus have less momentum, but smaller elements also bend more sharply where they contact the race, causing them to fail more rapidly from fatigue.

There are also many material issues: a harder material may be more durable against abrasion but more likely to suffer fatigue fracture, so the material varies with the application, and while steel is most common for rolling-element bearings, plastics, glass, and ceramics are all in common use. A small defect (irregularity) in the material is often responsible for bearing failure; one of the biggest improvements in the life of common bearings during the second half of the 1900s was the use of more homogeneous materials, rather than better materials or lubricants (though both were also significant). Lubricant properties vary with temperature and load, so the best lubricant varies with application.

Although bearings tend to wear out with use, designers can make tradeoffs of bearing size and cost versus lifetime. A bearing can last indefinitely — longer than the rest of the machine — if it is kept cool, clean, lubricated, is run within the rated load, and if the bearing materials are sufficiently free of microscopic defects. Note that cooling, lubrication, and sealing are thus important parts of the bearing design.

The needed bearing lifetime also varies with the application. For example, Tedric A. Harris reports in his Rolling Bearing Analysis on an oxygen pump bearing in the U.S. Space Shuttle which could not be adequately isolated from the liquid oxygen being pumped, but all lubricants reacted with the oxygen leading to fires and other failures. The solution was to lubricate the bearing with the oxygen. Although liquid oxygen is a poor lubricant, it was adequate, since the service life of the pump was just a few hours.

The operating environment and service needs are also important design considerations. Some bearing assemblies require routine addition of lubricants, while others are factory sealed, requiring no further maintenance for the life of the mechanical assembly. Although seals are appealing, they increase friction, and a permanently-sealed bearing may have the lubricant contaminated by hard particles, such as steel chips from the race or bearing, sand, or grit that got past the seal. Contamination in the lubricant is abrasive and greatly reduces the operating life of the bearing assembly. Another major cause of bearing failure is the presence of water in the lubrication oil. Online water in oil monitors have been introduced in recent years to monitor the effects of both particles and the presence of water in oil and their combined effect.

Bearing failure

Rolling-element bearings often work well in non-ideal conditions, but sometimes minor problems cause bearings to fail quickly and mysteriously. For example, with a stationary (non-rotating) load, small vibrations can gradually press out the lubricant between the races and rollers or balls (false brinelling). Without lubricant the bearing fails, even though it is not rotating and thus is apparently not being used. For these sorts of reasons, much of bearing design is about failure analysis.

There are three usual limits to the lifetime or load capacity of a bearing: abrasion, fatigue and pressure-induced welding. Abrasion is when the surface is eroded by hard contaminants scraping at the bearing materials. Fatigue is when a material breaks after it is repeatedly loaded and released. Where the ball or roller touches the race there is always some deformation, and hence a risk of fatigue. Smaller balls or rollers deform more sharply, and so tend to fatigue faster. Pressure-induced welding is when two metal pieces are pressed together at very high pressure and they become one. Although balls, rollers and races may look smooth, they are microscopically rough. Thus, there are high-pressure spots which push away the bearing lubricant. Sometimes, the resulting metal-to-metal contact welds a microscopic part of the ball or roller to the race. As the bearing continues to rotate, the weld is then torn apart, but it may leave race welded to bearing or bearing welded to race.

Although there are many other apparent causes of bearing failure, most can be reduced to these three. For example, a bearing which is run dry of lubricant fails not because it is “without lubricant”, but because lack of lubrication leads to fatigue and welding, and the resulting wear debris can cause abrasion. Similar events occur in false brinelling damage. In high speed applications, the oil flow also reduces the bearing metal temperature by convection. The oil becomes the heat sink for the friction losses generated by the bearing.

Casting Bearing

Continuous casting steel bearings are bearing a. Often used in the application of iron and steel machinery, is a more common bearings. Japan imported brands bearing Seiko has developed a automatically aligning the import of tapered roller bearings. Mainly used in steel casting equipment-driven roller (Guide Roll). The finite element method for strength design, the use of continuous casting and completion of the development of the simulator. Durable life of ordinary auto-aligning tapered roller bearings imports (in the direction of the roll using a fixed-side), 3~4 times.

also can reduce maintenance costs, equipment, iron and steel casting difficult to form a film, a major negative, low-speed, high-temperature, high humidity, casting debris generated when the working environment is extremely bad. In this state, as can easily lead to significant negative orientation of serious roll bending deformation. In order to solve the problem, out of gear set up outside the ring as a sphere, Block-aligning device so that it is not easy curved. To this end SKF, TIMKEN, NSK, and other import brands are more appropriate to develop higher and more high-precision bearings.